How do classical conditioning and operant conditioning primarily differ?

The primary difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning lies in the mechanisms through which learning occurs. Classical conditioning focuses on the association between two stimuli. This process involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. For example, if a dog hears a bell (neutral stimulus) just before being presented with food (unconditioned stimulus), it will eventually start salivating in response to the bell alone, thus demonstrating a learned association.

In contrast, operant conditioning is centered around the concept of rewards and punishments influencing voluntary behavior. This type of learning involves modifying behavior through reinforcement (positive or negative) following a behavior, leading to an increase in the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. For instance, if a child receives praise (positive reinforcement) for completing homework, they are more likely to repeat that behavior in the future.

The distinction effectively highlights that classical conditioning is about the association between stimuli, while operant conditioning is more focused on the consequences of behavior, making the understanding of Behaviorism richer and more nuanced.